TL;DR
China's first-in-class dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist. 15% weight loss at 32 weeks. NMPA-approved 2025.
What is it? A weekly subcutaneous GLP-1 and glucagon-receptor dual agonist (IBI362 / LY3305677) from Innovent Biologics and Eli Lilly. Oxyntomodulin-inspired, fatty-acid-modified for once-weekly dosing.
What does it do? GLP-1 activation brings the usual incretin effects: glucose-dependent insulin, appetite suppression, slowed gastric emptying. The glucagon arm adds hepatic lipid oxidation and thermogenesis. That is the differentiator vs GLP-1-only drugs.
Does the evidence hold up? GLORY-1 (NEJM 2025, PMID 40421736) showed ~15% weight loss at 32 weeks in 610 Chinese adults. DREAMS-1 and DREAMS-2 T2D Phase 3 trials published back-to-back in Nature 2025. First China-developed drug to hit Nature and NEJM simultaneously.
Who uses it? Chinese obesity and type 2 diabetes patients via NMPA prescription since 2025. Development ongoing for MASH, HFpEF, OSA, and fatty liver (GLORY-3 vs semaglutide underway).
Bottom line? China got there first. Global Phase 3 decides whether the West follows.
What It Is
Mazdutide is a first-in-class dual agonist peptide that activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). It was developed by Eli Lilly under the code LY3305677 and is being developed and commercialized in greater China by Innovent Biologics (HKEX: 01801) under the code IBI362. Structurally, mazdutide is an oxyntomodulin-inspired peptide — oxyntomodulin is the endogenous proglucagon-derived peptide that naturally activates both GLP-1R and GCGR, and mazdutide was engineered to recapitulate that dual activity with improved pharmacokinetics for weekly subcutaneous dosing. The molecule carries a fatty-acid modification that enables albumin binding, extending plasma half-life to a once-weekly dosing interval.
The compound became a clinical milestone in 2025. On June 27, 2025, China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved mazdutide for chronic weight management in adults with overweight or obesity — the first NMPA approval of any dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist globally. On September 19, 2025, NMPA extended approval to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. As of April 2026, mazdutide holds two NMPA approvals covering the two major metabolic indications and is in Phase 3 development across several additional indications. It has not been submitted for US FDA approval, and no Eli Lilly global Phase 3 program is publicly registered.
Mazdutide's clinical program spans seven Phase 3 trials. GLORY-1 (Ji et al., NEJM June 12, 2025; PMID 40421736) — the pivotal obesity trial — randomized 610 Chinese adults with overweight (BMI ≥24 with comorbidity) or obesity (BMI ≥28) to mazdutide 4 mg, 6 mg, or placebo subcutaneously once weekly for 48 weeks. At week 32, the 6 mg arm produced ~14.4% mean weight loss (treatment-policy estimand) vs 0.3% placebo; the 4 mg arm produced ~11.1%. DREAMS-1 and DREAMS-2 — the pivotal T2D trials published back-to-back in Nature in late 2025 — evaluated mazdutide head-to-head against dulaglutide and against placebo in different Chinese T2D populations. The DREAMS-2 head-to-head against dulaglutide demonstrated superiority on the combined endpoint of HbA1c <7.0% and ≥10% weight loss at week 32 (48.0% vs 21.0%, p<0.0001).
The dual mechanism is what makes mazdutide distinctive. GLP-1 receptor activation is the core incretin pharmacology — shared with semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and tirzepatide's GLP-1 component. The glucagon-receptor arm is the differentiator: glucagon's physiological role includes stimulating hepatic fatty-acid oxidation, increasing resting metabolic rate (thermogenesis), and mobilizing hepatic glycogen. In a dual agonist, the GLP-1 component offsets the glucose-raising effect of unopposed glucagon while the glucagon arm adds an energy-expenditure and hepatic-fat-burning component that pure GLP-1 agonists lack. This is particularly relevant for the obesity-plus-fatty-liver phenotype; the ongoing GLORY-3 head-to-head trial is specifically designed to compare mazdutide against semaglutide in Chinese adults with overweight / obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).
Mechanism of Action
Mazdutide's pharmacology combines two distinct receptor systems into a balanced dual agonist. The ratio of GLP-1R to GCGR activity is engineered to deliver meaningful glucagon-mediated energy expenditure while keeping net glycemic control favorable.
- GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation — Agonist activity at the GLP-1R drives glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, suppresses glucagon from α-cells in the post-prandial state, slows gastric emptying, and activates central appetite-suppressive circuits in the arcuate nucleus and area postrema. These are the standard incretin effects shared with semaglutide and liraglutide.
- Glucagon receptor (GCGR) activation — Agonist activity at GCGR drives hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and thermogenesis. Hepatic glucagon signaling specifically upregulates mitochondrial β-oxidation and reduces hepatic triglyceride content — the basis for the class's MAFLD / NAFLD efficacy signal.
- Energy expenditure mechanism — Glucagon-receptor activation modestly increases resting metabolic rate via hepatic thermogenesis and cAMP-mediated lipolysis in brown and beige adipose tissue. This "expenditure" arm is what distinguishes dual GLP-1/GCG agonists from GLP-1-only agonists, whose weight loss is entirely intake-driven.
- Balanced ratio engineering — Unopposed glucagon would raise blood glucose (clinically undesirable in T2D). Mazdutide's GLP-1 agonism component counteracts the glycemic effect of the glucagon arm, so net fasting and post-prandial glucose fall rather than rise. The receptor selectivity ratio is the key engineering choice — excessive glucagon activation creates hyperglycemia; insufficient activation loses the energy-expenditure advantage.
- Hepatic lipid reduction (MAFLD relevance) — Glucagon-receptor activation in hepatocytes increases PPARα-driven fatty-acid oxidation and reduces de novo lipogenesis — directly lowering intrahepatic triglyceride. The Phase 2 mazdutide trial showed 73.3% reduction in liver fat content at 24 weeks in obese adults with baseline LFC ≥5% on the 9 mg arm.
- Cardiovascular and metabolic effects — Reductions in blood pressure, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol, paralleling the broader incretin class but potentially amplified by the hepatic-lipid effect.
- Appetite and behavioral effects — GLP-1R component drives the satiety and reduced-food-intake component of weight loss. Glucagon-receptor activation contributes minor additional appetite effects via central glucagon receptors.
- Pharmacokinetics for weekly dosing — Fatty-acid modification enables albumin binding, providing the depot and extended plasma residency required for convenient once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.
- Relationship to oxyntomodulin — Endogenous oxyntomodulin is the native dual GLP-1/GCG agonist in human physiology, produced by intestinal L-cells along with GLP-1. Mazdutide is an engineered analog designed to recapitulate oxyntomodulin's dual activity with pharmaceutical-grade PK.
What the Research Shows
Mazdutide has a rapidly-growing clinical dataset concentrated in Chinese populations. Phase 2 and Phase 3 results have been published in top journals through 2024–2025.
- GLORY-1 obesity Phase 3 (Ji et al., NEJM 2025; PMID 40421736) — 610 Chinese adults with obesity (BMI ≥28) or overweight (BMI 24–28 with ≥1 obesity-related comorbidity). Randomized to mazdutide 4 mg, 6 mg, or placebo SubQ weekly for 48 weeks. At week 32 (primary endpoint), the 6 mg arm produced ~14.4% mean weight loss vs 0.3% placebo; the 4 mg arm produced ~11.1%. Nearly half of participants on the 6 mg arm achieved >15% weight reduction. First Chinese-developed innovative metabolic/endocrine drug published in NEJM.
- DREAMS-1 T2D Phase 3 (Ji et al., Nature 2025) — Phase 3 trial in Chinese adults with untreated type 2 diabetes. Met primary endpoint of HbA1c reduction. Part of the back-to-back Nature publication in late 2025.
- DREAMS-2 head-to-head vs dulaglutide (Nature 2025) — Phase 3 trial comparing mazdutide to dulaglutide in Chinese adults with T2D inadequately controlled on oral medication. At week 32, mazdutide showed superior efficacy on the composite endpoint of HbA1c <7.0% and ≥10% body weight reduction (48.0% vs 21.0%, p<0.0001).
- Phase 2 obesity trial (Nature Communications) — Earlier Phase 2 study in Chinese adults with obesity showed dose-dependent weight loss and ~73.3% reduction in liver fat content at 24 weeks in the 9 mg arm among participants with baseline LFC ≥5%. This trial was selected by Nature Communications as one of its "50 Most Significant Translational Medicine Studies" and included in an Editor's Highlight.
- GLORY-3 MAFLD head-to-head (ongoing) — Phase 3 clinical study comparing mazdutide 9 mg vs semaglutide in Chinese adults with overweight / obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. First participant dosed May 2025; first head-to-head Phase 3 of a dual GCG/GLP-1 agonist against a GLP-1-only drug.
- GLORY-OSA (ongoing) — Phase 3 in Chinese participants with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity.
- NMPA approval for chronic weight management (June 27, 2025) — First-in-class approval for a dual GCG/GLP-1 agonist; indication: chronic weight management in adults with overweight or obesity.
- NMPA approval for T2D glycemic control (September 19, 2025) — Second NMPA indication, extending label to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Additional Phase 3 programs — MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and other expanded indications in planning or initiation as of announcement November 2025.
- Parent-class dual agonist context (Ambery et al., Diabetologia 2018) — MEDI0382 (AstraZeneca) was the first GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist to reach mid-stage clinical development, establishing the class's feasibility. Mazdutide is now the first-in-class approved product.
Evidence Framing
Mazdutide's evidence base is the strongest of any Chinese-developed metabolic drug to date — dual NMPA approvals, publications in NEJM and Nature, and multiple head-to-head Phase 3 comparisons. The main limitation for Western patients is that all pivotal trials to date have been conducted in Chinese populations. Global Phase 3 programs (particularly via Eli Lilly) would be required for FDA / EMA approval. Cross-population efficacy is expected but not yet demonstrated in large Western cohorts.
Human Data
Mazdutide's human dataset spans Phase 1 through Phase 3 programs in Chinese populations, and is expanding.
- Phase 1 PK/PD (first-in-human) — Single-ascending and multiple-ascending dose studies in healthy volunteers and T2D patients established weekly-dosing pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent glycemic and appetite effects.
- Phase 2 obesity (Chinese adults) — Dose-dependent weight loss across 3 mg, 4.5 mg, 6 mg, and 9 mg arms. Hepatic fat reduction signal at the 9 mg arm was the headline Phase 2 finding.
- Phase 2 T2D — HbA1c reduction, weight reduction, and metabolic parameter improvement across dose arms.
- GLORY-1 obesity Phase 3 (NEJM 2025; PMID 40421736) — Pivotal. 610 participants. 32-week primary endpoint with 48-week total. Basis for NMPA obesity approval.
- DREAMS-1 T2D Phase 3 (Nature 2025) — Pivotal T2D trial in untreated T2D.
- DREAMS-2 head-to-head vs dulaglutide (Nature 2025) — Superiority demonstration against a widely-used GLP-1 in Chinese T2D.
- GLORY-3 (MAFLD head-to-head vs semaglutide) — ongoing — First direct head-to-head Phase 3 of a dual GCG/GLP-1 drug against a GLP-1-only agent.
- GLORY-OSA — ongoing — OSA indication expansion.
- No published Phase 3 in non-Chinese populations — As of April 2026, pivotal efficacy has been demonstrated only in Chinese ancestry populations. Eli Lilly's global LY3305677 development program status is not publicly detailed.
- No pediatric trials — Adult indications only.
- Real-world Chinese experience — Commercial launch in China following June / September 2025 approvals. Post-marketing real-world data will accumulate in 2026 and beyond.
Dosing from the Literature
Approved Chinese labeled dosing derives directly from the GLORY-1 and DREAMS Phase 3 programs. Titration is mandatory to manage GI tolerability.
| Indication / Trial | Maintenance Dose | Titration | Notes |
|---|
| Obesity (GLORY-1 / NMPA label) | 4 mg or 6 mg SubQ weekly | Gradual titration (3 mg → 4.5 mg → 6 mg over 8+ weeks) | NMPA-approved June 2025; weekly injection |
| Type 2 diabetes (DREAMS-1/2 / NMPA label) | 4 mg SubQ weekly (range 3–6 mg) | Standard titration schedule | NMPA-approved September 2025 |
| MAFLD investigational (GLORY-3) | 9 mg SubQ weekly (highest investigational dose) | Gradual titration to 9 mg | Head-to-head vs semaglutide; ongoing |
| Phase 2 obesity (Nature Comms) | Up to 9 mg weekly | Phase 2 dose-finding | 73.3% liver fat reduction at 24 weeks on 9 mg arm |
Dosing Disclaimer
Mazdutide is approved in China by prescription only. The doses above reflect the NMPA-approved labels derived from Chinese Phase 3 programs. Mazdutide is not approved by the US FDA or EMA as of April 2026, and no legitimate US clinical prescribing channel exists. Any cross-border use requires physician supervision under applicable local regulations.
Reconstitution & Storage
Mazdutide is supplied as a solution in pre-filled subcutaneous injection pens for Chinese prescription dispensing. Individual dose titration is handled by dial-up pen devices comparable to other weekly-dosed incretin class products.
| Format | Available Strengths | Storage (Pre-use) | Storage (In-use) |
|---|
| Multi-dose pre-filled pen | 3 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg weekly dose increments (label-dependent) | 2–8°C, protect from light | Up to ~28 days at room temperature below 30°C |
- Injection sites — Abdomen (2 inches from the navel), anterolateral thigh, or upper arm. Rotate sites to prevent lipohypertrophy.
- Weekly timing — Same day each week. Can be administered with or without food.
- Missed dose — If missed by less than 3 days, administer as soon as remembered and resume normal schedule. If missed by more than 3 days, skip and resume next scheduled weekly dose; follow Chinese prescribing information.
- Needle — Supplied with pen-compatible needles; single-use.
- Inspection — Clear, colorless-to-pale solution. Discard if cloudy or particulate.
→ Use the Kalios Dosing Calculator for weekly peptide dose tracking
Side Effects & Risks
Important
Mazdutide pairs GLP-1 agonism with glucagon-receptor activation. Expect GI side effects plus a glucagon-driven hepatic and cardiovascular signal. Bring this to your provider before importing from China.
Mazdutide's tolerability profile has been characterized across Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials. Most AEs reflect the GI-dominant incretin class with some glucagon-specific considerations.
- GI adverse events — Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are most frequent during titration (similar to semaglutide and tirzepatide). Decline in frequency with maintenance dosing.
- Decreased appetite / reduced food intake — Expected mechanistic effect rather than adverse event per se.
- Injection-site reactions — Mild; usually transient.
- Heart rate elevation — Modest sinus tachycardia has been noted with glucagon-receptor activation; the magnitude in mazdutide trials has been manageable but warrants monitoring, particularly in patients with preexisting arrhythmia.
- Transient transaminase elevation — Mild hepatic enzyme elevations have been reported in some Phase 2/3 participants, typically self-limited. The hepatic-lipid-reducing effect is the opposite of classic hepatotoxicity, but glucagon-receptor activation on hepatocytes is metabolically active and warrants LFT monitoring.
- Hypoglycemia — Low risk with mazdutide monotherapy (GLP-1 component is glucose-dependent; glucagon arm is stimulatory rather than hypoglycemia-inducing). Higher risk when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas — dose reduction of concurrent agents required.
- Hyperglycemia concern (theoretical) — Unopposed glucagon would raise blood glucose; mazdutide's GLP-1 component compensates, and net glycemic effects in trials are favorable. Patients with poorly-controlled T2D or brittle glycemic profiles still warrant monitoring.
- Pancreatitis (class boxed warning equivalent) — GLP-1 class signal. Patients with prior pancreatitis should avoid.
- Gallbladder disease — Rapid weight loss raises cholelithiasis / cholecystitis risk. Class effect for all rapid-weight-loss obesity drugs.
- Thyroid C-cell consideration — Class concern based on rodent data with GLP-1 agonists; labeled contraindication for personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN-2 in Chinese prescribing information.
- Pregnancy — Discontinue prior to conception. Animal data not conclusive for teratogenicity but caution advised.
- Drug interactions — Delayed gastric emptying affects absorption of oral medications. Insulin and sulfonylurea dose reduction required in combination.
- Long-term safety — Post-marketing surveillance in China is just beginning. Long-term cardiovascular, renal, and thyroid outcome data are not yet available.
Bloodwork & Monitoring
- Baseline CMP — Particularly liver and kidney function. Repeat at 3, 6, 12 months given hepatic mechanism.
- HbA1c — Every 3 months in T2D; baseline and annually in non-diabetic obesity.
- Fasting glucose — Standard glycemic monitoring. Unopposed glucagon activity is offset by GLP-1, but brittle diabetics warrant close tracking.
- Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP) — Baseline and at 3–6 months. Mazdutide reduces hepatic fat content, but glucagon-receptor activation is metabolically active on hepatocytes.
- MRI-PDFF (hepatic proton density fat fraction) — Gold-standard quantitative liver fat measurement for MAFLD context; useful baseline and post-treatment comparison if available.
- Lipid panel — Baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Typically improves.
- Amylase / lipase — Baseline; recheck if new abdominal pain.
- Heart rate / ECG — Baseline HR and ECG. Monitor resting HR at follow-up given glucagon-receptor effect.
- Blood pressure — Track; typically falls with weight loss.
- Thyroid function / calcitonin — Baseline if family history concern; not routine.
- Pregnancy test — In women of reproductive potential.
- Body composition — Where available (DEXA), tracks lean-mass preservation during weight loss — particularly relevant given the mechanism involves energy-expenditure upregulation.
Commonly Stacked With
Metformin
Standard first-line oral T2D agent. Commonly combined with mazdutide in diabetes-focused protocols for additive glycemic effect without added hypoglycemia risk.
SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin)
Glycemic lowering via glycosuria; complementary to mazdutide in T2D. Combined CV and renal protection in advanced metabolic disease.
Resistance training + adequate protein intake
Non-pharmacological adjunct critical for lean-mass preservation during rapid weight loss. Particularly relevant given glucagon-receptor activation may modestly affect amino acid metabolism; adequate protein intake is important.
Statin / antihypertensive
Standard CV risk factor management in patients with obesity or T2D. Mazdutide's independent metabolic effects are additive to standard secondary-prevention regimens.
These are alternative incretin-class options, not concurrent stack partners. Patients do not combine two incretin agonists — this creates additive GI toxicity without additive benefit. Choice among mazdutide, tirzepatide, and semaglutide depends on availability, patient phenotype, and insurance / regulatory access. Mazdutide may have specific advantages in MAFLD phenotype given glucagon-mediated hepatic lipid reduction.
→ Check compound compatibility in the Stack Builder
Regulatory Status
Current Status — April 2026
Mazdutide is approved by China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for two indications:
Chronic weight management in adults with overweight or obesity — approved June 27, 2025. First-in-class NMPA approval of a dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist globally.
Glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes — approved September 19, 2025. Derived from the DREAMS-1 and DREAMS-2 Phase 3 programs.
Mazdutide is not approved by the US FDA or the European Medicines Agency (EMA). No NDA, MAA, or IND for a global Phase 3 program has been publicly disclosed as of April 2026, though Eli Lilly's partnership with Innovent Biologics positions the compound for potential global development depending on competitive strategy against the Lilly-developed tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound).
Active Phase 3 programs continue in MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), obstructive sleep apnea (GLORY-OSA), and MAFLD head-to-head vs semaglutide (GLORY-3). Phase 3 trials are ongoing for potential additional NMPA label expansions.
Mazdutide is not specifically named on the WADA Prohibited List as of April 2026. Athletes using mazdutide for medically-indicated obesity or T2D should consult their federation regarding therapeutic use exemptions. As an approved prescription medicine in China, TUE pathways are available in principle.
Mazdutide is not a Category 2 bulk drug substance and is not part of the HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. February 2026 peptide reclassification announcement. Its path to US clinical access requires formal FDA approval via NDA, which has not been filed.
Cost & Access
Mazdutide is available in China by prescription for obesity and T2D through NMPA-licensed retail and hospital pharmacy channels following the June and September 2025 approvals. Chinese commercial distribution is managed by Innovent Biologics.
Mazdutide is not approved for human use in the United States or the European Union. US compounding pharmacies cannot legally compound mazdutide — it has no FDA-approved reference product. Personal-use import of a Chinese prescription product to the United States exists in a regulatory gray area; direct-to-patient cross-border prescribing generally requires physician supervision in both jurisdictions.
Research-chemical channels list mazdutide at variable availability; users in this space should carefully verify identity via HPLC / mass spectrometry Certificates of Analysis and are cautioned that research-grade supply does not meet pharmaceutical-grade quality standards.
Mazdutide is not among the peptides under the HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. February 2026 Category 2 reclassification announcement. Its US pathway depends on Eli Lilly's global development strategy and competitive positioning against its own tirzepatide portfolio. Absent a formal global Phase 3 program and NDA, mazdutide will remain unavailable in the US through legitimate clinical channels for the foreseeable future.
Regulatory status as of April 2026. Access varies by provider, jurisdiction, and prescription status. Kalios does not sell compounds.
Related Compounds
People researching Mazdutide often also look at these:
Triple GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon agonist. The most potent obesity drug in Phase III, ~24% body weight reduction.
Dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist. Boehringer Ingelheim's competitor to retatrutide.
Dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist with emphasis on MASH (liver fat) alongside weight loss.
Oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist in Phase III for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Key References
- Ji L, Jiang H, Bi Y, Li H, Tian J, Liu D, et al; GLORY-1 Investigators. Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(22):2215-2225. PMID: 40421736. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2411528. (Pivotal GLORY-1 Phase 3 publication, May 2025.)
- Ji L, Qian L, et al; DREAMS-1 Investigators. Mazdutide in Chinese adults with untreated type 2 diabetes: DREAMS-1 Phase 3 trial. Nature. 2025. (Accelerated Article Preview publication, late 2025; part of back-to-back Nature release.)
- Ji L, et al; DREAMS-2 Investigators. Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral medication: DREAMS-2 Phase 3 trial. Nature. 2025. (Back-to-back with DREAMS-1.)
- Ji L, Gao L, Jiang H, Yang J, Yu L, Wen J, et al. Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;54:101691. PMID: 36337827.
- Jiang H, Pang S, Zhang Y, Yu T, Liu M, Deng H, et al. A phase 1b randomised controlled trial of a glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist IBI362 (LY3305677) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3613. PMID: 35750890. (Phase 1b / dose-ascending in Chinese T2D.)
- Ambery P, Parker VE, Stumvoll M, Posch MG, Heise T, Plum-Moerschel L, et al. MEDI0382, a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in obese or overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, ascending dose and phase 2a study. Lancet. 2018;391(10140):2607-2618. PMID: 29945726. (Foundational dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist class precedent.)
- Pocai A, Carrington PE, Adams JR, Wright M, Eiermann G, Zhu L, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Diabetes. 2009;58(10):2258-2266. PMID: 19602537. (Preclinical proof-of-concept for the dual-agonist class.)
- Day JW, Ottaway N, Patterson JT, Gelfanov V, Smiley D, Gidda J, et al. A new glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist eliminates obesity in rodents. Nat Chem Biol. 2009;5(10):749-757. PMID: 19597507. (Early dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist chemistry; conceptual foundation for the class.)
- Innovent Biologics press release. Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval from China's NMPA for Chronic Weight Management. June 27, 2025.
- Innovent Biologics press release. Innovent Announces Mazdutide Received Approval from China's NMPA for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. September 19, 2025.
- Innovent Biologics press release. Nature | Two Phase 3 Clinical Results of Mazdutide (GLP-1/GCG Dual Receptor Agonist) in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Have Been Back-to-Back Published in Nature. November 2025.
- Sánchez-Garrido MA, Brandt SJ, Clemmensen C, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonism for treatment of obesity. Diabetologia. 2017;60(10):1851-1861. PMID: 28733905. (Class review.)
- Finan B, Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Reappraisal of GIP Pharmacology for Metabolic Diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22(5):359-376. PMID: 27038883. (Broader incretin dual-agonist class review.)
- Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):740-756. PMID: 29617641. (GLP-1 mechanism framework.)
- BioSpace press release. Second Head-to-head Phase 3 Study of Mazdutide versus Semaglutide Completes First Participant Dosing in Adults in China with Overweight or Obesity Accompanied Fatty Liver Disease (GLORY-3). May 15, 2025.
Last updated: April 2026 | Profile authored by Kalios Peptides research team