Pinealon: Khavinson Brain Tripeptide (EDR)

TL;DR

A 418-dalton Khavinson tripeptide that slips into cell nuclei. Zero Western Phase 2/3 trials.
What is it? A synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR, 418 Da). A Khavinson short peptide isolated by fractionating Cortexin, the bovine cerebral cortex drug approved in Russia for stroke, TBI, epilepsy, and cognitive decline.
What does it do? At 418 Da, small enough to diffuse directly into cell nuclei. Proposed to modulate chromatin and neuroprotective gene transcription. Preclinical work reports reduced neuronal apoptosis, antioxidant activation, and better cognition in Alzheimer's and Huntington's mouse models.
Does the evidence hold up? Twenty years of Russian-framework clinical use as the "active short peptide" of Cortexin. Khavinson et al. Pharmaceuticals 2021 (Alzheimer's mouse model) is a modern anchor. No Western Phase 2/3 RCT. Independent replication still limited.
Who uses it? Russian neurology in post-stroke and post-TBI cognitive recovery. Longevity users pair it with Epitalon and Thymalin in the canonical Khavinson panel.
Bottom line? A small Khavinson tripeptide with a credible nuclear-penetration story. Still missing Western Phase 2/3.

What It Is

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide with the amino acid sequence Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR). It is one of the Khavinson "brain bioregulators" in the same family as Epithalon (AEDG, pineal/longevity) — developed by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology over the period 1990 to present. Specifically, Pinealon's EDR sequence was identified by fractionating Cortexin, a polypeptide neuroprotective drug derived from bovine cerebral cortex that has been clinically used in Russia and Eastern Europe for decades in the management of stroke, traumatic brain injury, cognitive decline, and epilepsy. Khavinson's group identified EDR as one of the shortest and most biologically active peptide sequences within Cortexin responsible for its neuroprotective phenotype.

What makes Pinealon unusual mechanistically is its small size — at 418 Da, it is small enough to cross cellular and nuclear membranes directly, which is uncommon for peptides (most require specific transport mechanisms or receptor binding). The proposed mechanism is that Pinealon translocates into the cell nucleus and modulates gene expression through direct interaction with nucleic acids and chromatin-associated proteins. This is the same framework Khavinson applies to Epithalon, Thymalin, and the other short peptide bioregulators — short peptides as "signal molecules" that modulate tissue-specific gene expression programs. The mechanistic hypothesis is unusual in mainstream molecular biology, but in-vitro support for nuclear translocation of fluorescence-labeled Pinealon has been published.

Pinealon's positioning in the Khavinson framework is as the "brain" bioregulator — the peptide whose tissue of origin (cerebral cortex via Cortexin) matches its proposed therapeutic targeting. Clinical use in Russia has centered on elderly cognitive decline, post-TBI cognitive recovery, stroke recovery, and general neuroprotection during aging. Dosing patterns follow the broader Khavinson framework: 10–20 day pulse courses repeated 1–2 times per year.

In the Kalios context, Pinealon sits in the same category as Epithalon and the other Khavinson peptides: substantial Russian clinical use over 20+ years, a mechanistically coherent but unusual molecular framework, and a significant evidence gap in Western-methodology replication. As of April 2026, there are no FDA-regulated Phase 3 trials of Pinealon. Community use is primarily by longevity-focused users stacking with Epithalon and NAD+, often in alternating courses.

Mechanism of Action

Pinealon's mechanism is tightly centered on the proposed gene-expression modulation framework, with downstream consequences in neuroprotection, cognition, and aging.

Direct nuclear translocation — At 418 Da, Pinealon is small enough to cross cellular and nuclear membranes without requiring specific transport. Fluorescence-labeled Pinealon has been shown to accumulate in cell nuclei in culture. This is the mechanism-distinguishing feature from receptor-mediated peptides.
Gene expression modulation — Pinealon is hypothesized to bind specific DNA sequences and modulate transcription of genes related to neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and cellular aging. This framework is the Khavinson signature; evidence is in-vitro and mechanistic rather than from mainstream molecular biology validation.
Anti-apoptotic signaling — Reduces caspase-3 activation and neuronal apoptosis in hypoxia, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease models. The anti-apoptotic effect is the most consistently demonstrated phenotype.
Antioxidant pathway activation — Upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) and reduces oxidative stress markers in neural tissue models.
Cognitive / synaptic function — Preserves synaptic protein expression (synaptophysin, PSD-95) and improves memory performance in aged and disease-model mice.
Alzheimer's disease model effects (Khavinson et al., Pharmaceuticals 2021; 14(6):515) — EDR tripeptide in Alzheimer's mouse model showed reduced neuronal apoptosis and improved cognitive performance markers.
Huntington's model data (Khavinson / Lin / Kukanova 2017) — Neuroprotective effect of EDR peptide in Huntington's disease mouse model.
Serotonin / glutamate modulation — Short peptides in the Khavinson family, including Pinealon, reportedly modulate serotonergic signaling and attenuate glutamate-induced hyperexcitation in hippocampal neurons.
Hypoxia tolerance — Preclinical data showing improved neuronal survival under hypoxic stress with Pinealon pretreatment.
Prenatal neuroprotection — Animal model data suggesting protection against hypoxic or toxic insults during fetal neurodevelopment.
Neurogenesis support — Preclinical data suggest EDR-class tripeptides support adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone, contributing to long-duration cognitive effects observed in aged-animal studies.
Inflammation attenuation in CNS — Reduces microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in neural tissue under hypoxic or chemical stress.
Mitochondrial stability (secondary) — Preclinical cell work shows preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced ROS generation in neuronal cultures under oxidative challenge.
Plasma-tissue kinetics — Short plasma half-life; proposed tissue retention based on nuclear translocation framework. Effects reported to persist well beyond plasma clearance.
Pleiotropic vs single-target — Unlike most pharmaceutical peptides which target one receptor, Pinealon's proposed mechanism is broadly regulatory — gene expression modulation across multiple pathways simultaneously. Both strength and reason for slow mainstream acceptance.

What the Research Shows

Pinealon's evidence base is concentrated in the Khavinson lab and modestly replicated in a handful of independent labs, consistent with the pattern of the other Khavinson peptides.

EDR peptide Alzheimer's mechanism (Khavinson et al., Pharmaceuticals 2021; 14(6):515; PMID 34071714) — Flagship modern publication. "Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides-Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease." EDR (Pinealon) tested alongside related tripeptides in AD mouse model.
EDR gene expression / Alzheimer's (Khavinson et al., PMC7795577) — Mechanistic paper linking Pinealon's gene-modulation framework to AD pathology.
Huntington's disease model (Khavinson, Lin, Kukanova, 2017) — Neuroprotective effect of EDR peptide in mouse model of Huntington's disease.
Hypoxia tolerance (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med) — Multiple papers describing Pinealon's effect in hypoxia models at cellular and whole-animal level.
Oxidative stress protection — Consistent preclinical data across cell culture and animal models.
Aged-brain cognitive studies — Russian clinical reports in elderly populations with mild cognitive decline, stroke recovery, and traumatic brain injury consequences.
TBI post-concussive (72 patient Russian clinical series) — Oral Pinealon in addition to standard therapy in 72 patients with TBI consequences and cerebrasthenia. Improved memory, reduced headache intensity/duration, improved emotional balance.
Cortexin pharmacology (parent context) — Parent Cortexin drug has been used in Russian clinical practice for decades for neurological conditions; Pinealon's mechanism is positioned as the "active short-peptide" component of that broader Cortexin pharmacology.
Comprehensive Khavinson reviews — Multiple Khavinson-authored reviews place Pinealon within the broader bioregulator framework, providing context alongside Epithalon, Thymalin, and related peptides.
Independent replication gap — As with other Khavinson peptides, independent-lab replication of the gene-expression and direct DNA-binding framework is limited. Mainstream molecular biology has not widely endorsed the short-peptide-direct-DNA-binding mechanism.
No Phase 2/3 Western RCT — The evidence gap that separates Pinealon from approved Western neuroprotective drugs.

Honest Evidence Framing

Pinealon has a coherent Khavinson-framework preclinical evidence base and accumulated Russian clinical experience. It does not have Western Phase 2 or Phase 3 RCT validation. Independent laboratory replication of the gene-expression mechanism is limited. Safety experience is long and clean; efficacy evidence is concentrated in the originating research group with characteristic methodological limitations (publication in predominantly Russian-language journals, open-label designs, single-group authorship).

Human Data

Human evidence for Pinealon:

72-patient TBI clinical series (Russian) — Added to standard TBI consequences / cerebrasthenia therapy. Improved memory, headache, emotional balance, performance.
Cortexin (parent drug) clinical use — Decades of Russian clinical experience in stroke, TBI, and cognitive aging. Pinealon inherits this experiential evidence base as the proposed active short-peptide.
Elderly cognitive decline Russian series — Multiple clinical reports of Pinealon in elderly populations.
Post-stroke recovery — Russian clinical reports of Pinealon as adjunctive therapy.
Post-TBI cognitive recovery — Observational Russian data.
Longevity community use (observational) — Community users stack Pinealon with Epithalon for "longevity + cognition" protocols. Anecdotal reports; no validated outcome data.
No published Phase 2 or Phase 3 RCT — For any indication at FDA/EMA regulatory quality standards.
Clinical Medicine Russian Journal (Khavinson) — Authored reviews placing Pinealon in the broader peptide-medicine context (2022 and subsequent).

The pattern is very similar to Epithalon: extensive Russian use and an accumulated clinical experience, limited Western replication and no FDA-quality Phase 3 program. Users choosing Pinealon are implicitly accepting this evidence profile.

Dosing from the Literature

Dosing follows the broader Khavinson framework — short courses (10–20 days) repeated periodically.

Protocol	Dose	Frequency	Notes
Oral (Khavinson framework)	20 mg	Daily, 10–20 day course	Most common oral dose in Russian clinical practice. Pinealon's small size supports oral absorption.
SubQ / IM (community)	5–10 mg	Daily SubQ, 10–20 day course	Alternative route; community preference.
Intranasal (community)	5–10 mg	Daily IN, 10–20 day course	Some users for direct CNS delivery; evidence limited.
Course interval	—	6 months between courses	1–2 courses per year is standard Khavinson framework.
Combined with Epithalon	Alternating or concurrent courses	Typical longevity stack	10-day Pinealon, gap, 10-day Epithalon, gap is one common pattern.

Dosing Disclaimer

Pinealon has no labeled human dose under any pharmaceutical regulatory system. The 20 mg oral dose reflects Russian clinical practice; community doses vary between 5–20 mg across different routes. There is no strong mechanistic basis for chronic daily dosing — the Khavinson framework explicitly favors pulse courses.

Reconstitution & Storage

Pinealon is supplied as lyophilized powder, typically 10 mg per vial. Oral use does not require reconstitution but may use dissolved solution for dosing precision.

Vial Size	BAC Water	Concentration	5 mg Dose	10 mg Dose
10 mg	1 mL	10 mg/mL	50 units (0.5 mL)	100 units (1.0 mL)
10 mg	2 mL	5 mg/mL	100 units (1.0 mL)	Entire vial
20 mg	2 mL	10 mg/mL	50 units (0.5 mL)	100 units (1.0 mL)
Oral powder (direct)	None required	Measure by weight or capsule	—	—

Reconstitution (for SubQ/IN) — Inject BAC water down vial wall at 45°, swirl gently, do not shake. Clear colorless solution.
Oral administration — Direct oral powder or dissolved in small volume of water. Some users hold sublingually before swallowing. Take on empty stomach.
Storage — Unreconstituted: 2–8°C preferred. Reconstituted: 2–8°C, use within 21–28 days. Do not freeze.
Timing — Morning dosing common community practice for cognitive/alertness applications. Evening alternative for sleep quality focus.
Inspection — Discard if cloudy, discolored, or contaminated.

→ Use the Kalios Peptide Calculator for exact dosing volumes

Supportive Nutrition & Lifestyle

Cognitive health and neuroprotection depend on multiple foundational inputs. Pinealon is a modulator on top of those inputs, not a substitute.

Sleep quality (single most important cognitive variable) — Pinealon amplifies optimized sleep more than it rescues poor sleep. Target 7–9 hours; address sleep apnea if present; avoid chronic sleep restriction.
Omega-3 EPA/DHA (2–3 g/day) — DHA is a structural membrane lipid critical for synaptic function and neurogenesis.
Vitamin D (target 40–60 ng/mL) — Neurotrophic and immune support; low levels associated with cognitive decline.
B-complex, particularly B12 and methylfolate — Methylation cycle cofactors relevant to neurotransmitter synthesis and homocysteine control.
Magnesium glycinate (300–400 mg) — Synaptic plasticity support and sleep quality.
Choline (alpha-GPC 250–500 mg or citicoline) — Acetylcholine precursor; complementary cognitive cofactor.
Creatine monohydrate (3–5 g/day) — Emerging evidence for cognitive benefit under sleep deprivation and in vegetarians; general brain energetic support.
Taurine (1–3 g) — Neuroprotective amino acid; complementary to Pinealon's framework.
Resveratrol / pterostilbene — SIRT1-mediated neuroprotection; complementary longevity adjunct.
Aerobic exercise + resistance training — Best-evidenced BDNF-elevating intervention. Complements Pinealon's neuroprotective framework.
Cognitive engagement — Use-it-or-lose-it applies; Pinealon's proposed mechanism supports an engaged brain rather than creating activity where there is none.
Things to avoid — Chronic alcohol (neurotoxic), chronic sleep restriction (primary cognitive destroyer), chronic NSAID / anticholinergic use in elderly (independent cognitive impact), heavy THC use (cognitive costs independent of any peptide).

What to Expect — Timeline

Individual response varies. Pinealon's effects are typically subtle in the short term and clinically meaningful over repeat-course use.

Day 1–3 — Usually no immediate subjective change. Some users report sleep quality shifts starting night 1–2.
Day 4–10 — Subjective improvements in mental clarity, working memory, or "cleaner thinking" commonly reported. Improved sleep and dream recall in a subset.
End of 10–20 day course — Peak subjective cognitive benefit for most responders. Improvement in attention, processing speed, and subjective well-being.
Post-course (weeks 2–12) — Khavinson framework holds that gene-expression changes persist after plasma clearance. Users who felt benefit often describe it lasting 2–4 months.
Second course (6 months later) — Repeated benefit in responders.
Long-term use (years) — Aggregated Russian clinical experience suggests sustained cognitive benefits with periodic courses. Formal long-term RCT evidence absent.
Non-responders — Real. Some users report no subjective cognitive change. Factors: product quality, underlying lifestyle optimization, individual variance.
Elderly context — Most consistent benefits reported in older users (60+) with age-related cognitive changes. Younger healthy users often report subtler effects.
Stack with Epithalon — Many users alternate Pinealon (cognitive focus) with Epithalon (systemic longevity focus) in their Khavinson stack. Combined framework is community convention.
If you feel worse — Persistent new insomnia, over-activation, mood changes — reduce dose or stop.

Honest Framing

Pinealon's effects are typically subtle: slightly clearer thinking, mild cognitive sharpness, better sleep in some users. It is not a stimulant, not a racetam-level nootropic acute signal. Expectations calibrated to "clearer thinking and subtle cognitive support" match the actual experience better than "transformational cognitive enhancement." The Khavinson framework's durability over 40+ years of Russian clinical use supports a baseline of real mechanism, even where Western methodological validation remains thin.

Practical User Notes

Read This First

Pinealon is not FDA-approved. It is used in Russian clinical practice and community longevity protocols. The notes below are informational, not medical guidance.

Course-based, not continuous — 10–20 day courses, 1–2x per year. Follow the Khavinson framework; no mechanism-level rationale for chronic daily dosing.
Oral dosing is practical — Pinealon's small size supports oral absorption. 20 mg orally daily during course is typical. Hold sublingually before swallowing for possible enhanced absorption.
Morning dosing — For cognitive / alertness applications. Shift to evening if sleep support is the goal.
Standard course dose — 10–20 mg daily for 10–20 days. Start lower; escalate if needed.
Alternate with Epithalon — Canonical Khavinson protocol: alternating 10-day courses with 6-month intervals.
Track cognitive baseline — Digital cognitive batteries (Cambridge Brain Sciences, CANTAB equivalents) before starting give objective reference. Subjective report is unreliable for gradual compounds.
Combine with sleep / nutrition foundation — Pinealon amplifies optimized baseline; does not rescue chronic sleep debt or inflammatory lifestyle.
Sourcing — Russian pharmacy imports from Khavinson-affiliated manufacturers are the quality benchmark. Research-chemical vendors: third-party HPLC + mass-spec COAs are the floor.
Storage — 2–8°C for reconstituted; use within 28 days. Lyophilized powder more stable at room temp.
Expect subtle, not dramatic — Most responders report subtle improvement in thinking clarity and sleep; dramatic transformation is not the Pinealon profile.
Low-priority add to other interventions — For cognitive performance in general, sleep, exercise, diet, and addressing sleep apnea / hypothyroidism / vitamin deficiencies are higher-leverage than any peptide. Pinealon is a polish, not a fix.
Red flags to stop — Persistent insomnia, new mood disturbance, unusual sleep changes, or any new unexpected symptom.
Cognitive context for users over 60 — Rule out treatable causes of cognitive change (hypothyroidism, B12 deficiency, sleep apnea, medication side effects, depression) before attributing benefit or lack thereof to Pinealon.
Do not substitute for approved dementia therapy — If dementia is diagnosed, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and memantine have rigorous evidence. Pinealon is not a substitute.

Side Effects & Risks

Important

Pinealon's best safety evidence is Russian post-marketing, inherited from Cortexin. Independent Western replication is limited. Worth discussing with your doctor before any neurorecovery use.

Pinealon has one of the cleanest safety records in the Khavinson bioregulator family, consistent with 20+ years of Russian clinical use.

Injection site reactions — Mild, transient. Typical for SubQ peptides.
Mild GI upset (oral) — Occasional; usually well-tolerated.
Headache (rare) — Occasional; usually transient.
Sleep changes — Some users report improved sleep quality or vivid dreams; others report mild insomnia with late-day dosing. Shift timing if insomnia emerges.
Mood changes — Generally positive; occasional mild mood elevation. Rare reports of emotional flatness.
Cognitive over-activation — At higher doses in sensitive users, occasional over-arousal or anxious edge. Dose reduce.
No documented dependence or withdrawal — Consistent with Khavinson family.
No documented cardiovascular signal — Across the available clinical experience.
No documented hormonal effects — Despite pineal-family positioning, direct hormonal effects are minimal.
Cancer concerns (minimal) — No documented pro-cancer signal. Khavinson's framework positions bioregulators as broadly protective.
Drug interactions — Minimal documented. Theoretical interactions with CNS-active drugs.
Pregnancy / lactation — Not studied; avoid.
Purity / sourcing — Tripeptide is easy to synthesize cleanly; gross purity problems are uncommon. Third-party HPLC + mass spec COAs are the floor.
WADA status — Not specifically listed.
FDA status — Not approved; not scheduled. Research-chemical supply.

Bloodwork & Monitoring

Pinealon has minimal monitoring requirements. For cognitive endpoints, structured cognitive testing is more informative than lab markers.

Baseline CMP / CBC — Standard; no Pinealon-specific abnormalities expected.
TSH, free T4 — Baseline for any cognitive-performance work to rule out hypothyroid-driven cognitive symptoms.
B12, methylfolate, homocysteine — Common cognitive-relevant deficiencies; correct before assessing Pinealon response.
Vitamin D — Baseline; relevant for cognitive and neuroprotective contexts.
Structured cognitive testing — Cambridge Brain Sciences, CANTAB equivalents. Baseline and after second course.
MoCA / MMSE — If pursuing MCI or age-related cognitive decline monitoring.
Sleep tracking — Wearable data captures Pinealon's sleep-quality effects objectively.
Biological age markers (optional) — DunedinPACE, GrimAge for longevity-framework tracking.

Commonly Stacked With

Epithalon (AEDG)

Canonical Khavinson combination. Alternating 10-day courses of Pinealon (cognitive) and Epithalon (systemic longevity) is standard framework. Six-month intervals between courses.

Semax

Acute nootropic ACTH-derived peptide. Pinealon and Semax have different mechanisms; some users layer Semax for acute focus while using Pinealon for neuroprotection.

Selank

Russian anxiolytic tuftsin-derived peptide. Pinealon + Selank covers cognitive support and anxiolysis in community Russian-peptide protocols.

NAD+ precursors (NR / NMN)

Different mechanism (mitochondrial substrate). Complementary longevity stacking; no known interactions.

Omega-3 + B-complex + magnesium

Foundational cognitive-supportive supplements. Complement Pinealon's framework without specific overlap.

→ Check compound compatibility in the Stack Builder

Regulatory Status

Current Status — April 2026

Pinealon is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or any major Western regulator for any indication. Its parent molecule Cortexin is approved in Russia and several Eastern European and Asian countries; Pinealon as an isolated short-peptide product is used within the Khavinson bioregulator framework rather than as a separate approved drug.

Pinealon is not currently on the FDA Category 2 Bulk Drug Substances list. Compounding availability in US 503A/503B pharmacies is not established.

Pinealon is not specifically named on the WADA Prohibited List. Given its narrow neuroprotective framework, unlikely to become a major anti-doping target.

Pinealon is not DEA-scheduled. Community supply is through research-chemical vendors or Russian pharmacy import.

Cost & Access

Pinealon (EDR, Glu-Asp-Arg) is not approved for human use in the United States, the EU, or any major Western regulator. It is available through research suppliers for laboratory research purposes only. U.S. compounding pharmacies cannot legally compound Pinealon under current FDA bulk-substance rules — it has no FDA-approved reference product.

Research-chemical vendors supply lyophilized Pinealon at typical vial sizes of 10 mg or 20 mg. A typical community Khavinson protocol (5–10 mg/day SubQ for 10 consecutive days, repeated every 4–6 months) consumes 50–100 mg per course.

Parent molecule Cortexin (polypeptide complex of which Pinealon/EDR is one component) is an approved pharmaceutical in Russia and select Eastern European and Asian markets, used in Russian neurology and pediatric practice for cerebrovascular and cognitive indications. Cortexin import to the United States for personal use exists in a legal gray area; bulk import is prosecuted. Isolated Pinealon as a single-peptide product is not a commercial pharmaceutical anywhere, only a research preparation and community-protocol compound.

Pinealon is not currently among the peptides under HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s February 2026 Category 2 reclassification announcement. Public reporting on the reclassification list has not specifically named Pinealon. As a Russian-framework short peptide without a U.S. NDA sponsor, Pinealon is likely to remain in the research-only category for the foreseeable future.

Estimated availability as of April 2026. Actual costs vary by provider, location, and prescription status. Kalios does not sell compounds.

Related Compounds

People researching Pinealon often also look at these:

N-Acetyl Epithalon

N-acetylated epithalon analogue with improved bioavailability and longer half-life.

Vilon

Khavinson dipeptide (Lys-Glu). Immune/longevity-oriented short-peptide bioregulator.

Cortagen

Khavinson tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro). Cerebral cortex-oriented bioregulator.

Livagen

Khavinson tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala). Liver-oriented short peptide bioregulator.

Cartalax

Khavinson tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp). Cartilage and joint-oriented short peptide bioregulator.

Next Steps

→ Compare with Cortagen — AEDP alongside this EDR →

→ Try the Peptide Calculator for Pinealon dose math →

→ Ask your provider about Pinealon before joining a Khavinson course →

Key References

Khavinson V, Ilina A, Kraskovskaya N, Linkova N, Kolchina N, Mikhailova N, Petukhov M. Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides-Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(6):515. PMID: 34071714.
Khavinson VKh, Kuznik BI, Tarnovskaya SI, Lin'kova NS. EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. PMC7795577.
Khavinson VKh, Lin'kova NS, Kukanova EO. Neuroprotective Effect of EDR Peptide in Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. J Neurol Neurosci. 2017. (Khavinson group Huntington's publication.)
Khavinson VKh. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12370707. (Comprehensive Khavinson peptide framework monograph.)
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-240. PMID: 14523363.
Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh. Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects. Biogerontology. 2010;11(2):139-149. PMID: 19633997.
Khavinson VKh, Sibarov DA, Tsai PY, Adushkin BV, Ryzhak GA. Short peptides stimulate serotonin release and attenuate hyperexcitation in the hippocampus. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;163(4):539-541.
Kolchina N, Khavinson V, Linkova N, Yakutseni P, Petukhov M, Morozova E, Ashapkin V. Systematic search for structural motifs of peptide binding to double-stranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(20):10553-10563. PMID: 31584079.
Khavinson V, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053. PMID: 34834146.
Ashapkin VV, Linkova NS, Khavinson VK, Vanyushin BF. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Gene Expression during Aging of Human Cells. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2015;80(3):310-322. PMID: 25761684.
Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide regulation of aging: methodology and evidence. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2022.
Khavinson V, Diomede F, Mironova E, Linkova N, Trofimova S, Trubiani O, Caputi S, Sinjari B. AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(2):609. PMID: 31963526.
Klement GA, Hawrysh PJ, Khavinson V, Buck LT. Pinealon's effect on hypoxia tolerance in cultured rat pyramidal neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2018.
Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Lin'kova NS. Cortexin and its mechanisms of action. Adv Gerontol. 2014;27(4):626-634.
Russian Federation State Register of Medicines. Cortexin — parent drug of Pinealon's EDR sequence; approved for TBI, stroke, cognitive indications.
Khavinson V, Linkova N, Diatlova A, Trofimova S. Peptide Regulation of Cell Differentiation, Proliferation, and Apoptosis. Adv Gerontol. 2020;10(2):98-106.
Khavinson VKh, Kuznik BI, Trofimova SV, Lin'kova NS. Cortexin and its short peptides AEDG and EDR modulate gene expression of proteins in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Khim. 2020. (Parallel framework evidence for Khavinson short-peptide gene-expression paradigm.)
Khavinson VKh, Malinin VV. Gerontological Aspects of Genome Peptide Regulation. Karger; Basel; 2005. (Monograph; framework reference.)

Last updated: April 2026 | Profile authored by Kalios Peptides research team

Pinealon Preclinical