Pair page
AOD-9604 with HGH Fragment 176-191
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
hgh-c-terminal-fragment-lipolytic
growth-hormone-c-terminal-fragment
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
AOD-9604 is the tyrosine-extended analog of HGH Fragment 176-191 and the version that was advanced into human clinical trials. Community protocols sometimes reference one or the other; they target the same mechanism and should not be stacked together — choose one. AOD-9604 is the better-characterized option with direct (if limited) human clinical data.
Quick facts
AOD-9604
HGH Fragment 176-191
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | AOD-9604 | Kim GW, Lin JE, Blomain ES, Waldman SA. Antiobesity pharmacotherapy: new drugs and emerging targets. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95(1):53-66. PMID: 24105257. (Obesity pharmacotherapy review discussing AOD-9604's Phase 2b failure.) PMID 24105257 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2013 | AOD-9604 | Kasim-Karakas SE, Cunningham WM, Tsodikov A. Relation of nutrients and hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. 2013. PMC: PMC3584306. (Review describing AOD-9604 Phase 2 results and 2007 program termination.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2007 | AOD-9604 | Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Phase 2b OPTIONS clinical trial results: AOD9604 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial in 536 obese adults. 2007. (Failed primary endpoint. Publicly disclosed in biotech press; led to obesity program termination.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2004 | AOD-9604 | Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Phase 2 OBESITY clinical trial results: AOD9604 12-week dose-ranging study in obese adults (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/day). 2004-2005. (Positive Phase 2 signal at 1 mg/day: 2.6 kg weight loss vs 0.8 kg placebo.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| — | AOD-9604 | ClinicalTrials.gov. Metabolic Pharmaceuticals AOD9604 Phase 2 / Phase 2b obesity trials registration and results. clinicaltrials.gov. (Trial documentation.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2015 | AOD-9604 | Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11-22. PMID: 26132939. (Comparator: GLP-1 agonist obesity therapeutic evidence — the modern standard AOD-9604 fails to meet.) PMID 26132939 | human trial |
| 2012 | AOD-9604 | The effect of AOD9604 on weight loss in obese adults: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study (referenced in Chugh 2012 review). | human trial |
| 2012 | AOD-9604 | Chugh PK, Sharma S. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of obesity. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012;37(5):525-535. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2012.01347.x. (Places AOD-9604 in obesity-pharmacotherapy context.) | human study |
| 2001 | AOD-9604 | Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189. PMID: 117132… PMID 11713213 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2001 | AOD-9604 | Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1586-1592. PMID: 11673763. (Both hGH and AOD-9604 reduce body weight; AOD does not interact… PMID 11673763 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2000 | AOD-9604 | Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaki R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274-278. PMID: 11044801. (Foundational mechanistic characterization.) PMID 11044801 | mechanism / discovery |
| — | AOD-9604 | Safety review in the Journal of Obesity & Food Metabolism aggregating six RCTs of AOD-9604 (>900 subjects). (Comprehensive safety database summary.) | review |
| 2013 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3(1-2):7-15. (AOD-9604 human tolerability data.) | human study |
| 2001 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189. PMID: 117132… PMID 11713212 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2000 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaka R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274-278. PMID: 11146361. (AOD-9604 preclinical metabolic characterization.) PMID 11146361 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2000 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Heffernan MA, Jiang WJ, Thorburn AW, Ng FM. Effects of oral administration of a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone on lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279(3):E501-E507. PMID: 10913053. (Oral bioavailability and lipid-metabolism effects of the GH frag… PMID 10913053 | pharmacology |
| — | HGH Fragment 176-191 | U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A — Category 2 list. FDA.gov. | regulatory / registry |
| 1999 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Wu Z, Bidlingmaier M, Dall R, Strasburger CJ. Detection of doping with human growth hormone. Lancet. 1999;353(9156):895. PMID: 10093986. (Context for GH-family detection.) PMID 10093986 | research article |
| 1988 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Salem MA. A possible direct lipolytic effect of growth hormone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1988;187(1):1-6. PMID: 3340595. (Mechanistic context for GH lipolytic activity.) PMID 3340595 | research article |
| 1981 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Rudman D, Kutner MH, Blackston RD, Cushman RA, Bain RP, Patterson JH. Children with normal-variant short stature: treatment with human growth hormone for six months. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(3):123-131. PMID: 7242610. (Reference for full-length GH effects, highlighting the differe… PMID 7242610 | research article |
| 1978 | HGH Fragment 176-191 | Ng FM, Bornstein J. Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(5):E521-E526. PMID: 645887. (Early structural dissection of GH C-terminal activity.) PMID 645887 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191 share?
AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191?
AOD-9604: Not approved (research). HGH Fragment 176-191: Not approved; Category 2. FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on AOD-9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the AOD-9604 profile and the HGH Fragment 176-191 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026