Pair page
Humanin with SS-31
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Humanin and SS-31, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
mdpmitochondrial-derived-peptide
cardiolipin-targeted-mitochondrial-therapeutic
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Humanin and SS-31 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
SS-31 (elamipretide) targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing the electron transport chain and reducing mitochondrial ROS at the source. Combined with humanin's cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic signaling, this creates a multi-layered mitochondrial-support concept: SS-31 for membrane / bioenergetic integrity, humanin for cell-level stress-response amplification. No human evidence for the combination.
Another mitochondrial-derived peptide with broad cytoprotective signaling. Mechanism-orthogonal to SS-31's structural effect.
Quick facts
Humanin
SS-31
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Humanin | Oh YK, Bachar AR, Zacharias DG, Kim SG, Wan J, Cobb LJ, Lerman LO, Cohen P, Lerman A. Humanin preserves endothelial function and prevents atherosclerotic plaque progression in hypercholesterolemic ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(1):65-73. PMID: 21641599. PMID 21641599 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2010 | Humanin | Muzumdar RH, Huffman DM, Calvert JW, Jha S, Weinberg Y, Cui L, Nemkal A, Atzmon G, Klein L, Gundewar S, Ji SY, Lavu M, Predmore BL, Lefer DJ. Acute humanin therapy attenuates myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(10):1940-1948… PMID 20689081 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2002 | Humanin | Tajima H, Niikura T, Hashimoto Y, Ito Y, Kita Y, Terashita K, Yamazaki K, Koto A, Aiso S, Nishimoto I. Evidence for in vivo production of humanin peptide, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-related insults. Neurosci Lett. 2002;324(3):227-231. PMID: 12021353. (I… PMID 12021353 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2009 | Humanin | Hashimoto Y, Kurita M, Aiso S, Nishimoto I, Matsuoka M. Humanin inhibits neuronal cell death by interacting with a cytokine receptor complex or complexes involving CNTF receptor alpha/WSX-1/gp130. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20(12):2864-2873. PMID: 19509334. (Trimeric receptor complex c… PMID 19509334 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2001 | Humanin | Hashimoto Y, Niikura T, Tajima H, Yasukawa T, Sudo H, Ito Y, Kita Y, Kawasumi M, Kouyama K, Doyu M, Sobue G, Koide T, Tsuji S, Lang J, Kurokawa K, Nishimoto I. A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and Abeta. Proc… PMID 11371643 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2001 | Humanin | Hashimoto Y, Ito Y, Niikura T, Shao Z, Hata M, Oyama F, Nishimoto I. Mechanisms of neuroprotection by a novel rescue factor humanin from Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;283(2):460-468. PMID: 11327724. (Early mechanism paper, HNG potency… PMID 11327724 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2019 | Humanin | Conte M, Ostan R, Fabbri C, Santoro A, Guidarelli G, Vitale G, Mari D, Sevini F, Capri M, Sandri M, Monti D, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. Human aging and longevity are characterized by high levels of mitokines. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(5):600-607. PMID: 29420698. (Hum… PMID 29420698 | research article |
| 2018 | Humanin | Gong Z, Tas E, Muzumdar R. Humanin and age-related diseases: a new therapeutic target? World J Diabetes. 2018;9(8):141-146. PMID: 30159123. PMID 30159123 | research article |
| 2017 | Humanin | Kim SJ, Xiao J, Wan J, Cohen P, Yen K. Mitochondrially derived peptides as novel regulators of metabolism. J Physiol. 2017;595(21):6613-6621. PMID: 28574175. PMID 28574175 | research article |
| 2017 | Humanin | Nashine S, Cohen P, Chwa M, Lu S, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Humanin G (HNG) protects age-related macular degeneration (AMD) transmitochondrial ARPE-19 cybrids from mitochondrial and cellular damage. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(7):e2951. PMID: 28726778. PMID 28726778 | research article |
| 2015 | Humanin | Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R, Cohen P. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-454. PMID: 25738459. (MOTS-… PMID 25738459 | research article |
| 2013 | Humanin | Lee C, Yen K, Cohen P. Humanin: a harbinger of mitochondrial-derived peptides? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013;24(5):222-228. PMID: 23402768. (Framing of humanin within MDP class.) PMID 23402768 | research article |
| 2021 | SS-31 | Thompson WR, Hornby B, Manuel R, Bradley E, Laux J, Carr J, Vernon HJ. A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome. Genet Med. 2021;23(3):471-478. PMID: 33129823. PMID 33129823 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2021 | SS-31 | Roshanravan B, Liu SZ, Ali AS, Shankland EG, Goss C, Amory JK, Robertson HT, Marcinek DJ, Conley KE. In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253849. | human trial |
| 2018 | SS-31 | Karaa A, Haas R, Goldstein A, Vockley J, Weaver WD, Cohen BH. Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. Neurology. 2018;90(14):e1212-e1221. PMID: 29523644. PMID 29523644 | human trial |
| 2017 | SS-31 | Daubert MA, Yow E, Dunn G, Marchev S, Barnhart H, Douglas PS, O'Connor C, Goldstein S, Udelson JE, Sabbah HN. Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(12):e004389. PMID: 2921… PMID 29217757 | human trial |
| — | SS-31 | ClinicalTrials.gov. A Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide in Subjects with Barth Syndrome (TAZPOWER). NCT03098797. | human trial |
| 2024 | SS-31 | Thompson WR, Manuel R, Abbruscato A, Carr J, Campbell J, Hornby B, Vaz FM, Vernon HJ. Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER. Genet Med. 2024;26(7). PMID: 38602181. PMID 38602181 | human pilot |
| 2024 | SS-31 | SS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome. Sci Rep. 2024;14:s41598-024-64368-y. | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2017 | SS-31 | Sweetwyne MT, Pippin JW, Eng DG, Hudkins KL, Chiao YA, Campbell MD, Marcinek DJ, Alpers CE, Szeto HH, Rabinovitch PS, Shankland SJ. The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age. Kidney Int. 2017;91(5):1126-1145. PMID: 280635… PMID 28063595 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2014 | SS-31 | Szeto HH, Birk AV. Serendipity and the discovery of novel compounds that restore mitochondrial plasticity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(6):672-683. PMID: 25188725. PMID 25188725 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2025 | SS-31 | Stealth BioTherapeutics. FORZINITY (elamipretide) prescribing information. FDA accelerated approval September 2025. | regulatory / registry |
| 2016 | SS-31 | Sabbah HN, Gupta RC, Kohli S, Wang M, Hachem S, Zhang K. Chronic Therapy With Elamipretide (MTP-131), a Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Improves Left Ventricular and Mitochondrial Function in Dogs With Advanced Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(2):e002206. PMID: 26839… PMID 26839394 | research article |
| 2013 | SS-31 | Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, Mills W, Singh P, Warren JD, Seshan SV, Pardee JD, Szeto HH. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(8):1250-1261. PMID: 23813215. PMID 23813215 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have Humanin and SS-31 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Humanin and SS-31. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Humanin and SS-31 share?
Humanin and SS-31 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Humanin and SS-31?
Humanin: Not approved; research only. SS-31: Approved Sep 2025 (Forzinity, Barth syndrome). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Humanin and SS-31?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Humanin profile and the SS-31 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026