Pair page
TB-500 with Thymalin
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for TB-500 and Thymalin, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
angiogenesissystemic-tissue-repair
thymic-polypeptide-bioregulator-complex
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying TB-500 and Thymalin have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
A synthetic peptide based on thymosin beta-4. Distinct from Thymalin by mechanism (actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory) and structure (defined synthetic peptide). Sometimes paired with Thymalin in immunorehabilitation and tissue-repair protocols where investigators want both immune restoration (Thymalin) and tissue-level repair signaling (TB-500). No formal pharmacology data on the combination; theoretical compatibility based on non-overlapping primary targets.
Quick facts
TB-500
Thymalin
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | TB-500 | Sosne G, Kim C, Kleinman HK. 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(1):554. | human trial, Phase 3 |
| 2015 | TB-500 | Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a Phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea. 2015;34(5):491-496. | human trial, Phase 2 |
| — | TB-500 | ClinicalTrials.gov. A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing. NCT00311766. | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2010 | TB-500 | Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. | human trial |
| 1981 | TB-500 | Low TL, Hu SK, Goldstein AL. Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78(2):1162-1166. PMID: 6940133. (Discovery publication.) PMID 6940133 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2025 | TB-500 | WADA. 2025 Prohibited List. Section S2 — Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances and mimetics. World Anti-Doping Agency. Thymosin β4 and derivatives prohibited since 2011. | regulatory / registry |
| 2025 | TB-500 | FDA. Bulk Drug Substances That Raise Significant Safety Risks (Category 2) under Section 503A / 503B. FDA.gov. Updated 2025. | regulatory / registry |
| 2015 | TB-500 | Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Primary Mechanisms of Thymosin β4 Repair Activity in Dry Eye Disorders and Other Tissue Injuries. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(9):5110-5117. PMID: 26241398. PMID 26241398 | research article |
| 2012 | TB-500 | Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. PMID: 22074294. PMID 22074294 | research article |
| 2011 | TB-500 | Smart N, Bollini S, Dubé KN, Vieira JM, Zhou B, Davidson S, Yellon D, Riegler J, Price AN, Lythgoe MF, Pu WT, Riley PR. De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated adult heart after injury. Nature. 2011;474(7353):640-644. PMID: 21654746. PMID 21654746 | research article |
| 2010 | TB-500 | Sosne G, Qiu P, Goldstein AL, Wheater M. Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences. FASEB J. 2010;24(7):2144-2151. PMID: 20179146. PMID 20179146 | research article |
| 2010 | TB-500 | Crockford D, Turjman N, Allan C, Angel J. Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:179-189. PMID: 20536465. PMID 20536465 | research article |
| 2021 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS. Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021 Feb;17(1):285-290. doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10087-6. PMID: 33575961. (Re… PMID 33575961 | human study |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A, Kuznik B, Umnov R. Peptides: Prospects for Use in the Treatment of COVID-19. Molecules. 2020 Sep 24;25(19):4389. doi: 10.3390/molecules25194389. PMID: 32987757. (Computational and mechanistic review of Khavinson short peptides — including the… PMID 32987757 | human study |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Volchkov VA, Rukavishnikova SA, Titova ON, Akhmedov TA, Trofimova SV, Ryzhak GA, Potyomkin VV, Saginbaev UR. Effect of thymalin on adaptive immunity in complex therapy for patients with COVID-19. Klinicheskaya Meditsina (Russian Journal). 2020;98(8):593-… | human study |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Lukyanov SA, Kuznik BI, Shapovalov KG, Khavinson VK, Smolyakov YN, et al. Thymalin as a Potential Alternative in the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Associated with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Immunol Immunother. 2020;7:055. (Severe-COVID-19 case treated with Thymalin 10 m… | human study |
| 2003 | Thymalin | Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003 Jun-Aug;24(3-4):233-240. PMID: 14523363. (266-patient elderly geroprotective trial; 6–8-year follow-up; mortality reductions of 2.0-fold for Thymalin alone, 2.5-fold fo… PMID 14523363 | human study |
| 1986 | Thymalin | Kuznik BI, Makhakova GCh, Morozov VG, Pisarevskaia LI, Khavinson VKh. [Effect of thymalin on thrombocyte aggregation and the antiaggregation activity of the vascular wall in intact and thymectomized rats]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1986 Aug;102(8):200-202. Russian. PMID: 3754821. (Ea… PMID 3754821 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1982 | Thymalin | Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Carcinogenesis and aging. IV. Effect of low-molecular-weight factors of thymus, pineal gland and anterior hypothalamus on immunity, tumor incidence and life span of C3H/Sn mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1982 Jul;19(3):245-258. doi: 10.1016/0047-63… | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2022 | Thymalin | Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE, Giambuzzi G, Marino A, Mironova E, Pulcini R, Robuffo I, Bologna G, Simeone P, Lanuti P, Guarnieri S, Trofimova S, Procopio AD, Toniato E. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macr… PMID 35408963 | preclinical, in vitro |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Kvetnoy IM, Polyakova VO, Drobintseva AO, Kvetnaya TV, Ivko OM. Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020 Nov;170(1):118-122. doi: 10.1007/s10517-020-05016-z. PMID: 33237528. (In vitro demonstrati… PMID 33237528 | preclinical, in vitro |
| 2016 | Thymalin | Linkova NS, Drobintseva AO, Orlova OA, Kuznetsova EP, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Khavinson VK. Peptide Regulation of Skin Fibroblast Functions during Their Aging In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 May;161(1):175-178. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3370-x. PMID: 27259484. (Khavinson short… PMID 27259484 | preclinical, in vitro |
| 2017 | Thymalin | Khavinson V, Popovich I. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression, Protein Synthesis and Enhance Life Span. In: Vaiserman AM (ed.). Anti-aging Drugs: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. RSC Drug Discovery Series No. 57. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2017. Chapter 20, pp. 496–… | mechanism / discovery |
| 2016 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Lin'kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 Nov;162(2):288-292. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3596-7. PMID: 27909961. (Khavinson group's short-peptide DNA-binding / gene-expression-regulation hypothesis, the mechanistic f… PMID 27909961 | mechanism / discovery |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have TB-500 and Thymalin been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of TB-500 and Thymalin. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do TB-500 and Thymalin share?
TB-500 and Thymalin do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of TB-500 and Thymalin?
TB-500: Category 2; RGN-259 Phase 3. Thymalin: Not approved (US). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on TB-500 and Thymalin?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the TB-500 profile and the Thymalin profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026