Pair page
Thymosin Alpha-1 with Thymulin
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
endogenous-thymic-immunomodulator
thymic-hormone-zinc-dependent-nonapeptide
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Different thymic peptide with complementary mechanism. Some research protocols layer the two for additive immune restoration in deeply immunodeficient subjects. Practitioner-level only.
Quick facts
Thymosin Alpha-1
Thymulin
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Zhang YY, Chen EQ, Yang J, Duan YR, Tang H. Treatment with thymosin alpha-1 for chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(6):448-458. PMID: 19243498. PMID 19243498 | meta-analysis |
| 2013 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, Ma G, Kou Q, He Z, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen M, Li Y, Wu X, Gu B, Chen L, Zou Z, Qiang X, Chen Y, Lin A, Zhang G, Guan X. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;… PMID 23327199 | human trial |
| 2010 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, Garbe C, Lesimple T, Guillot B, Gascon P, Gilde K, Camerini R, Cognetti F; Italian Melanoma Intergroup. Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in pati… PMID 20194853 | human trial |
| 2005 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Iino S, Toyota J, Kumada H, Kiyosawa K, Kakumu S, Sata M, Suzuki H, Martins EB. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12(3):300-306. PMID: 15850471. PMID 15850471 | human trial |
| 1998 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Chien RN, Liaw YF, Chen TJ, Yeh CT, Sheen IS. Efficacy of thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 1998;27(5):1383-1387. PMID: 9581695. PMID 9581695 | human trial |
| 1989 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, Roecker E, Drinka P, Prathipati K, Ershler WB. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. PMID: 2642485. PMID 2642485 | human trial |
| 2008 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Poo JL, Sánchez Ávila F, Kershenobich D, García Samper X, Torres-Ibarra R, Gongora J, Cano C, Parana R, Wiegand J, Schiff E, Rodriguez V, Uribe M. Triple combination of peginterferon alpha-2a, ribavirin and thymosin alpha-1 as rescue therapy for non-responders and relapsers to p… PMID 19034240 | human study |
| 2003 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Saruc M, Ozden N, Turkel N, Ayhan S, Hock LM, Tuzcuoglu I, Yuceyar H. Long-term outcomes of thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon alpha-2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92(7):1386-1395. PMID: 12820143. PMID 12820143 | human study |
| 1977 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, McClure J, Thurman GB, Rossio J, Lai CY, Chang D, Wang SS, Harvey C, Ramel AH, Meienhofer J. Thymosin α1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729. PMID: 265536. PMID 265536 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2017 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:141-155. PMID: 28004573. PMID 28004573 | review |
| 2015 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15 Suppl 1:S117-127. PMID: 26098874. PMID 26098874 | review |
| 2019 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, Wu M, Wang C, Feng Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Li M, Wang G, Yuan Z, Diao B, Wu Y, Chen Y. Thymosin alpha 1 reduces the mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 by restoration of lymphocytopenia and reversion of exhausted T cells. Clin Infect Dis. 202… PMID 32442267 | research article |
| 2013 | Thymulin | Mocchegiani E, Romeo J, Malavolta M, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Diaz LE, Marcos A. Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(3):839-860. PMID: 22223033. PMID 22223033 | human study |
| 1995 | Thymulin | Hadden JW. The treatment of zinc deficiency is an immunotherapy. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1995;17(9):697-701. PMID: 8582785. PMID 8582785 | human study |
| 2007 | Thymulin | Goya RG, Reggiani PC, Vesenbeckh SM, et al. Thymulin gene therapy prevents the reduction in circulating gonadotropins induced by thymulin deficiency in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293(1):E182-E187. PMID: 17374695. PMID 17374695 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2006 | Thymulin | Reggiani PC, Hereñú CB, Rimoldi OJ, et al. Gene therapy for long-term restoration of circulating thymulin in thymectomized mice and rats. Gene Ther. 2006;13(15):1214-1221. PMID: 16645618. PMID 16645618 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1996 | Thymulin | Safieh-Garabedian B, Poole S, Allchorne A, Kanaan S, Saadé NE, Woolf CJ. Zinc reduces the hyperalgesia and upregulation of NGF and IL-1β produced by peripheral inflammation in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1996;35(5):599-603. PMID: 8887968. PMID 8887968 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1993 | Thymulin | Aliev M, et al. Restorative effect of short term administration of thymulin on thymus-dependent antibody production in restraint-stressed mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1993;15(4):369-378. PMID: 8407057. PMID 8407057 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1975 | Thymulin | Bach JF, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Bach MA. Isolation, biochemical characteristics, and biological activity of a circulating thymic hormone in the mouse and in the human. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975;249:186-210. PMID: 1093427. PMID 1093427 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2003 | Thymulin | Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-240. PMID: 14523363. PMID 14523363 | bioregulator literature |
| 2014 | Thymulin | Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-4696. PMID: 24588820. PMID 24588820 | research article |
| 1998 | Thymulin | Brown OA, Sosa YE, Bolognani F, Goya RG. Thymulin stimulates prolactin and thyrotropin release in an age-related manner. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998;104(3):249-262. PMID: 9818732. PMID 9818732 | research article |
| 1992 | Thymulin | Hadden JW, Malec PH, Coto J, Hadden EM. Thymic involution in aging. Prospects for correction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;673:231-239. PMID: 1485719. PMID 1485719 | research article |
| 1988 | Thymulin | Pleau JM, Pasdeloup N, Dardenne M, Bach JF, et al. NMR study of a lymphocyte differentiating thymic factor. An investigation of the Zn(II)-nonapeptide complexes (thymulin). FEBS Lett. 1988;229(2):425-429. PMID: 3356698. PMID 3356698 | research article |
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Frequently asked
Have Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin share?
Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin?
Thymosin Alpha-1: Not approved (US). Thymulin: Not approved. FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Thymosin Alpha-1 profile and the Thymulin profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026