Pair page
Thymosin Alpha-1 with VIP
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
endogenous-thymic-immunomodulator
neuropeptidesecretin-glucagon-family
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Thymosin α1 enhances adaptive immunity; VIP calms innate inflammatory tone. Combination used in CIRS protocols with immune dysregulation.
Quick facts
Thymosin Alpha-1
VIP
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Zhang YY, Chen EQ, Yang J, Duan YR, Tang H. Treatment with thymosin alpha-1 for chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(6):448-458. PMID: 19243498. PMID 19243498 | meta-analysis |
| 2013 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, Ma G, Kou Q, He Z, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen M, Li Y, Wu X, Gu B, Chen L, Zou Z, Qiang X, Chen Y, Lin A, Zhang G, Guan X. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;… PMID 23327199 | human trial |
| 2010 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, Garbe C, Lesimple T, Guillot B, Gascon P, Gilde K, Camerini R, Cognetti F; Italian Melanoma Intergroup. Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in pati… PMID 20194853 | human trial |
| 2005 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Iino S, Toyota J, Kumada H, Kiyosawa K, Kakumu S, Sata M, Suzuki H, Martins EB. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12(3):300-306. PMID: 15850471. PMID 15850471 | human trial |
| 1998 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Chien RN, Liaw YF, Chen TJ, Yeh CT, Sheen IS. Efficacy of thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 1998;27(5):1383-1387. PMID: 9581695. PMID 9581695 | human trial |
| 1989 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, Roecker E, Drinka P, Prathipati K, Ershler WB. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. PMID: 2642485. PMID 2642485 | human trial |
| 2008 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Poo JL, Sánchez Ávila F, Kershenobich D, García Samper X, Torres-Ibarra R, Gongora J, Cano C, Parana R, Wiegand J, Schiff E, Rodriguez V, Uribe M. Triple combination of peginterferon alpha-2a, ribavirin and thymosin alpha-1 as rescue therapy for non-responders and relapsers to p… PMID 19034240 | human study |
| 2003 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Saruc M, Ozden N, Turkel N, Ayhan S, Hock LM, Tuzcuoglu I, Yuceyar H. Long-term outcomes of thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon alpha-2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92(7):1386-1395. PMID: 12820143. PMID 12820143 | human study |
| 1977 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, McClure J, Thurman GB, Rossio J, Lai CY, Chang D, Wang SS, Harvey C, Ramel AH, Meienhofer J. Thymosin α1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729. PMID: 265536. PMID 265536 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2017 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:141-155. PMID: 28004573. PMID 28004573 | review |
| 2015 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15 Suppl 1:S117-127. PMID: 26098874. PMID 26098874 | review |
| 2019 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, Wu M, Wang C, Feng Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Li M, Wang G, Yuan Z, Diao B, Wu Y, Chen Y. Thymosin alpha 1 reduces the mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 by restoration of lymphocytopenia and reversion of exhausted T cells. Clin Infect Dis. 202… PMID 32442267 | research article |
| 2020 | VIP | Youssef JG, Said SI, Reichman JR, Alshaibi M. A Brief Report on RLF-100 (Aviptadil) in the Treatment of Critical COVID-19 Patients with Respiratory Failure. medRxiv. 2020. (Preprint basis for aviptadil COVID development program.) | human study |
| 2003 | VIP | Petkov V, Mosgoeller W, Ziesche R, Raderer M, Stiebellehner L, Vonbank K, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(9):1339-1346. PMID: 12727923. PMID 12727923 | human study |
| 2018 | VIP | Zhao H, Zhu H, Huang J, Zhu Y, Hong M, Zhu H, Zhang J, Li S, Yang L, Lian Y, Huang S. The synergy of vasoactive intestinal peptide and melatonin during anti-inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis rats. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(5):6723-6732. | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1970 | VIP | Said SI, Mutt V. Polypeptide with broad biological activity: isolation from small intestine. Science. 1970;169(3951):1217-1218. PMID: 5452969. PMID 5452969 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2020 | VIP | ClinicalTrials.gov. Aviptadil (RLF-100) in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to COVID-19 (COVID-AIV). Multiple NCT registrations. 2020–2024. | regulatory / registry |
| 2013 | VIP | Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune functions. Amino Acids. 2013;45(1):25-39. PMID: 22139413. PMID 22139413 | research article |
| 2012 | VIP | Harmar AJ, Fahrenkrug J, Gozes I, Laburthe M, May V, Pisegna JR, Vaudry D, Vaudry H, Waschek JA, Said SI. Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR review 1. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;166(1… PMID 22289055 | research article |
| 2009 | VIP | Dickson L, Finlayson K. VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;121(3):294-316. PMID: 19109992. PMID 19109992 | research article |
| 2008 | VIP | Leuchte HH, Baezner C, Baumgartner RA, Bevec D, Bacher G, Neurohr C, Behr J. Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(5):1289-1294. PMID: 18579544. PMID 18579544 | research article |
| 2004 | VIP | Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D. The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation. Pharmacol Rev. 2004;56(2):249-290. PMID: 15169929. PMID 15169929 | research article |
| 2004 | VIP | Gozes I, Furman S. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Potential clinical applications of vasoactive intestinal peptide: a selected update. investigated Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18(4):623-640. PMID: 15533779. PMID 15533779 | research article |
| 1991 | VIP | Said SI. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) in Asthma. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;629:305-318. PMID: 1680332. PMID 1680332 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP share?
Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP?
Thymosin Alpha-1: Not approved (US). VIP: Not approved (Aviptadil Phase 3 negative). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Thymosin Alpha-1 and VIP?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Thymosin Alpha-1 profile and the VIP profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026